Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Napoleons Noble Failure essays

Napoleon's Noble Failure essays The Noble Failure of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon's reign ended in defeat and exile, and the largest empire since the height of the Roman Empire quickly disintegrated without its creator. In essence, Napoleon's career can be seen as its overall conclusive state: a failure. By no means, however, can one consider his rule to be one of meekness or lackluster. The self-made emperor worked relentlessly to change France in ways that he believed would better the country and the every day lives of its people. Many reforms he made, regardless of their flaws, were of noble and just cause. These reforms became his most lasting impression on Europe and the world today. Adjustments to the economy, education systems, and work force were all part of his Civil Code, which to this day remains the root for many of the constitutions of the world today (Burnham, 1). Napoleon, though not with any degree of perfection, did devote his life whole-heartedly to what he thought was right for France in his day and age. Many see this kind of d evotion and enthusiasm as noble, therefore leading to the description of his career as a noble failure. Napoleon first made a name for himself as an ambitious and talented general in the Italian army. In 1799, the French legislature chose him as one of three de-facto rulers and dubbed him a consul of France. He soon became First Consul with the re-writing of the constitution. This re-drawing of the constitution also gave him the right to choose the men that served as the Counsel of State, which was responsible for the law making of the country. By inviting men to service who were already loyal to him through military experience, Napoleon became a powerful leader of a personalized government. Within a year of his commencement of power, Napoleon had ended the decade of the French Revolution and revealed his vision for the country. The destruction of the French Republic into a military based aristo...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Sweet Quotes About Love by Famous People

Sweet Quotes About Love by Famous People Coo honeyed words of love in your sweethearts ears. Whisper sweet nothings, and watch a smile play on her lips. What is sweet love? Is it infatuation? Or is sweet love an affliction of the heart? Romantic authors and poets have crafted love phrases that make lovers go weak in the knees. These words speak of promise, hope, and beautiful dreams. They echo in the hearts of besotted lovers, reverberating with every heartbeat. Romantic Verses From Famous Writers Read love quotes from Shakespeare. Each romantic quote oozes nectar, and love transcends to a higher form of spirituality. William Wordsworth, Edgar Allan Poe, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and John Keats are some of the famous romantic poets who wove their words with silken strings of love. They enriched our language with romantic sayings, love proverbs, and passionate rhetoric. Even today, lovers use love quotes from classics to woo their sweetheart. Love in the Age of Instant Communication In the age of text messaging and Internet messengers,  love messages have to be bite-sized. Flowing poetry with flowery words is passà ©. Speed overrides melodrama. Your lover is just one-click away from you. So dont waste your time writing paeans of love. Make an impact with short love quotes. Instead of drumming up a climax, come straight to the point without much fanfare. Older Couples and Love Many people associate  cute love with the young generation. They believe that as you grow older, you feel less romantic. However, a large number of older couples have claimed that they often speak romantic gibberish to their partner. Older couples also enjoy cute words of love. During wedding anniversaries and birthdays, many old couples indulge in cute-talk, reminiscing their golden youth. The magic of a sweet love quote captures the heart of the young and the old alike. You are never too old, too mature, too classy, or too busy to say I love you. With every word, you weave an intricate web of happiness and create memories of togetherness. These memories help seal the deal. It is easy to unwittingly blurt out a harsh word. However, it is much easier to serenade your dearest with passionate and sweet words. Dr. Seuss You know you are in love when you cant fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams. Rosemonde Gerard For, you see, each day I love you more, Today more than yesterday and less than tomorrow. Heraclitus Couples are wholes and not wholes, what agrees disagrees, the concordant is discordant. From all things one and from one all things. Jean RostandA married couple are well suited when both partners usually feel the need for a quarrel at the same time. Alexander Smith Love is but the discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in the recognition. Keanu Reeves Falling in love and having a relationship are two different things. Barbara Johnson Never let a problem to be solved become more important than a person to be loved. Amy Grant Every good relationship, especially marriage, is based on respect. If its not based on respect, nothing that appears to be good will last very long. Joseph Barth Marriage is our last, best chance to grow up. John Fischer The success of marriage comes not in finding the â€Å"right† person, but in the ability of both partners to adjust to the real person they inevitably realize they married. George Eliot What greater thing is there for two human souls than to feel that they are joined for life – to strengthen each other in all labor, to rest on each other in all sorrow, to minister to each other in all pain, to be one with each other in silent, unspeakable memories at the moment of the last parting. Earl Wilson This would be a much better world if more married couples were as deeply in love as they are in debt. Stephen Levine If you were going to die soon and had only one phone call you could make, who would you call and what would you say? And why are you waiting? Melissa Bean Married couples who work together to build and maintain a business assume broad responsibilities. Not only is their work important to our local and national economies, but their success is central to the well-being of their families. Robert Brault For lack of an occasional expression of love, a relationship strong at the seams can wear thin in the middle. Nicholas Sparks, At First Sight Every couple has ups and downs, every couple argues, and that’s the thing you’re a couple, and couples can’t function without trust. Lenny Bruce Guys are like dogs. They keep comin back. Ladies are like cats. Yell at a cat one time, theyre gone. Joseph F. Newton People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges. Julie Marie Love is the best medicine, and there is more than enough to go around once you open your heart. Elizabeth Bowen When you love someone, all your saved-up wishes start coming out. Never close your lips to those whom you have opened your heart. William Shakespeare Men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love. W. H. Auden Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh. Alfred, Lord Tennyson Sweet is true love that is given in vain, and sweet is death that takes away pain. Ryan Gosling, The Notebook So it’s not gonna be easy. It’s gonna be really hard. We’re gonna have to work at this every day, but I want to do that because I want you. I want all of you, forever, you and me, every day. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind No, I don’t think I will kiss you, although you need kissing, badly. That’s what’s wrong with you. You should be kissed and often, and by someone who knows how. Hugh Grant, Sense and Sensibility My heart is, and always will be, yours. Tom Hanks, Sleepless In Seattle It was a million tiny little things that, when you added them all up, they meant we were supposed to be together†¦ and I knew it. Julia Roberts, Notting Hill Don’t forget I’m just a girl, standing in front of a boy, asking him to love her. Jennifer Gray, Dirty Dancing ï » ¿I’m scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I’m with you.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

ASTRONAUTICS & SPACE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ASTRONAUTICS & SPACE - Essay Example The purpose of ISS includes functions like investigating affect of weightlessness on biological species, including crew members, over a period. In addition it will also study crystal growth in space. (Oberg, 2005). NASA had originally scheduled participating in ISS program until 2015, but with loss of STS-107, President Bush declared that the shuttle would be retired by 2010, which meant no support service for ISS. Hence, its plans for last module launch, as well as, de-orbiting procedures are not yet clear.(Catchpole: The international Space Station) These rovers have greater mobility than 1997 pathfinders. While each rover can trek up-to 100 meters, across the red surface on one Martian day, it could carry sophisticated instruments that can help in discovery of water on Mars. The landing procedure for both rovers and pathfinders are almost identical. (Mars Exploration Rovers). However, the landed portion of rovers has different design that allows carrying all instruments with rover. Pathfinders carried instruments on Lander and a small sojourner rover. Rovers are able to take color and infra-red images with 360 degree visibility. Possibility of presence of water on Martian surface has been the major discovery of the Mars Exploration Rover mission.(Mars Rovers Most Amazing Discoveries) Catchpole John, â€Å"The international space station: building for the future†, book,: Retrieved on 8th Dec 2010 from:

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Business Organasation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Organasation - Essay Example The creation of an LLP’ requires the minimum of a general partner and a limited partner. The duties, rights and obligations of these members are similar in status to those of the partners in a general partnership. Because of the limited amount of contribution exposed to the risks of investment, the limited partners are considered more as investors than partners; in addition to the fact that they are not required to participate in the management of the business (LeRoy & Jentz, 2009). After the 20 July 2000, when the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000 was accorded the Royal Assent, the LLP’s were introduced as the latest business vehicle across the United Kingdom beginning 6 April 2001. This date was during the Inland Revenue tax year associated with the taxation structure adopted for LLP’s. Consequently, the increase in limited liability partnerships in entirely linked with the unique tax advantages available for the partners/members. Profits and losses can be directly passed with certain limitations to the partners because the limited partnership is not taxed as a separate legal entity. ... According to Arthur and Sheffrin (2003, p. 183), the LLP is made of distinct partners due to the statutory rights and responsibilities accorded to both limited and general partners. However, the difference between the rights and responsibilities of general partners in a limited partnership against those of a general partnership should be stipulated in the statute and the partnership agreement. Because of the ‘limited’ nature of limited partners, general partners become personally responsible for the obligations and debts of the company (Wood, 1997). The limited partners of a LLP are entitled to specific rights and responsibilities. Considered a ‘limited’ party, the limited partner enjoys fewer rights and hence has fewer responsibilities than the general partners. Their limited liability means that their risk is limited to the investment amount in the LLP. Unlike other partners, the interest of a limited partner is perceived as personal property. For instance if the partnership owns land, the limited partner will have an interest in the limited partnership and not the title to the assets. According to Emerson (2009) partners in a general partnership are allowed to participate in the management of the company; while limited partners attempting to participate in the control of the partnership face the risk of losing his/her limited liability status. According to the Revised Limited Partnership Act, specific responsibilities and powers are outlined through which a limited partner will lose their limited liability. Some of which include attending partners’ meetings; proposing or pursuing a derivative action in place of the company; acting as surety or representing a guarantee for the company;

Sunday, November 17, 2019

School Speech Essay Example for Free

School Speech Essay Good evening to Dr S. Pillay, the staff of Sunford Primary, members of the governing body, parents and learners. It is indeed an honourable privilege to be part of this momentous occurrence in the calendar of Sunford Primary. I thank Dr. S. Pillay and her team of dedicated staff for this prestigious opportunity. During the past decades Sunford Primary has proved itself to be an invaluable asset to the local community in the facet of early childhood education and development. Being a resident in the area and having had my son, Pranav attend this school has given me insight into the dedication of the exemplary principal and her staff who all excel in their teachings. A teacher is a leader within a scholastic component of education, thus creating a stimulating and secure atmosphere where a child can learn, be happy and gain confident. Parents also have a duty to work hand in hand with the educator and their child, to ensure the best possible education, upon which the child can build his/her career. Remember we as parents want education for our children by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, their intellect is expanded and by which, they can stand on their own feet. Tonight’s awards function is set out to acknowledge all the top achievers of Sunford Primary in their respective grades. I congratulate each and every awardee for all your hard work and your exceptional results. May you always ride the tide of success. To all the other children remember what works for one child may not necessarily work for another, each child is unique and special. Education should be a fun voyage of discovery. Learning is an everyday thing; give it your best that is what’s important. To all learners Young adults and little children The future is up to you Increase your knowledge and wisdom In order to lead a bright tomorrow. To the Grade seven learners , who are embarking on secondary education, you have a solid foundation, embrace your future with optimism and raise above all challenges to fulfil your dreams and aspirations, although much has been achieved much more remains to be done. Take courage from the past and build thereon for the future. Remember it is choice and not chance that determines your destiny. God bless each and every one of you.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The job of my dreams Essay -- essays research papers

My Job Now and The Job of My Dreams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who doesn’t want the perfect job? Most people who are not happy at their current jobs are usually looking for something better. Some people look for better hours, environment, or maybe just a substantial raise. Where there are advantages in jobs, there is usually going to be at least one small disadvantage. Weighing out the options can help people make the right choices. Although we would all like to have the job of our dreams, unfortunately, it only happens to a few of us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My present job consists of customer service, daily paperwork, as well as opening and closing the store. My employer keeps us quite busy all day long. The hardest part of my job is customer service. No matter how hard I try, some people simply cannot be pleased. This can be very frustrating for me, especially since making my customer happy is my first priority. Even though we have some difficult customers, most of my clientele are very nice. When we work in retail, we also have to deal with the long and crazy hours. Since I close most nights, I am at work when most people are going to bed. This can be a huge disadvantage, especially if someone has a family with small children. Even though I don’t have children, I do not get to spend as much time as I would like to with my husband. He has been a very patient and kind man with the hours I work and study. Along with the disadvantages of my job, there are also some ...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

The Allusions in the Waste Land

The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land The Waste Land is an important poem. It has something important to say and it should have an important effect on the reader. But it is not easy. In Eliot's own words: â€Å"We can say that it appears likely that poets in our civilization as it exists at present, must be difficult. Our civilization comprehends great variety and complexity, and this variety and complexity, playing upon a refined sensibility, must produce various and complex results.The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into its meaning. † â€Å"Tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. † Eliot is dealing with the loss of meaning and significance of many things, and so he continually contrasts the present with the past, often using literary allusions to help to arouse in the reader the response he wants. For this reason he gives some of these allusions in a set of notes. However, he merely says where they come from or gives them in the original Italian or French or German.These notes give the actual allusions, translated into English where necessary, and printed in such a way that the reader can see the allusion and the relevant passage in the poem at the same time. For instance, a passage from the poem is on page 3 and the allusions to it are on page 2. The notes have also amplified Eliot's notes in some cases, with valuable help from three excellent books: Stephen Coote: The Waste Land in Penguin Master Studies 1985 B C Southam: A Student's Guide to the Selected Poems of T S Eliot Faber and Faber, 1968 George Williamson: A reader's Guide to T S Eliot Thames and Hudson, Second Edition, 1967It is a pleasure to thank Sheila Davies for her translation of Baudelaire's Au Lecteur Allusion are numbered and you will seldom have to scroll down more than a page to find the comment on the allusion The comment s on the allusions are in frames. Page 1 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The Waste Land â€Å"Nam sibyllam quiden Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: ; respondebat illa: A â€Å" . † For Ezra Pound il miglior fabro B A For I once saw with my own eyes the Sybil at Cumae hanging in a cage, and when the boys said to her â€Å"What do you want? she answered, â€Å"I want to die. † B ‘il miglior fabro' means ‘ the better craftsman', a well-deserved tribute to Ezra Pound. Eliot sent the original manuscript of The Waste Land to Pound, and as Eliot said ‘the sprawling, chaotic poem left Pound's hands reduced to about half its size and in the process it was changed from a jumble of good and bad passages into a poem,' Photo-copies of the manuscript, with the changes made by Pound, are available in book form, and fully support Eliot's acknowledgment of his debt to Pound. I. THE BURIAL OF T HE DEAD April is the cruelest month, breeding 1 Lilac out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth with forgetful snow, feeding Life with dried tubers. 7 Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee 8 With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch. 12 And when we were children, staying at the archduke's , My cousin's , he took me out on a sled, And I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. Ands down we went. In the mountains, there you feel free.I read much of the night, and go south in the winter. 18 What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man 21 You cannot say, or guess , for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, 23 And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, 24 And the dry stone no sound of water. Only Page 2 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is shadow under this red rock, 26 (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 1 to 7 Critics usually contrast the description of spring with the opening of the general Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. To regard April, the harbinger of spring, as ‘the cruelest month' is natural for the dwellers in the waste land, who are afraid of life, who are ‘living and partly living'. What the general Prologue says more clearly but with less charm than Chaucer in modern English is When that April with its sweet showers Has pierced the drought of March down to the root And filled each plant with so much moistureAs made it burgeon forth in flowers 8 to 18 are a reverie. 12 I am not a Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German. This is the strained, neurotic reaction of a dispossessed person at a time when only German nationality or protection could ward off the threat of danger. This line anticipates the vision of anarchy, of fleeing refugees, in lines 367 to 377. 21 Son of man Ezekiel 2:3 â€Å"And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me even unto this very day. † 3 broken images Ezekiel 6:3 â€Å"Behold I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken; and I will cast your slain men before your idols. † 24 the cricket no relief â€Å"the cricket no relief† is an echo from Ecclesiastes 12:5, where the preacher describes the desolation of old age: â€Å"Also they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shal l be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. 26 There is shadow under this red rock Isaiah 32:1, 2 describes the blessing of Christ's kingdom: â€Å"Behold a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. And a man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and as a covert from the tempest; As rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. † Frisch weht der Wind 31 Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du Fresh blows the wind Towards my homeland My Irish child Where do you linger? â€Å"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; Page 3 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They called me the hyacinth girl. – Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, and I was neithe r Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Oed' und leer das Meer Desolate and empty the sea 42 31 Frisch weht der Wind This is a song of innocent and naive love from Tristan and Isolde, which is a work of passionate love. A young sailor, feeling the wind blowing toward his homeland, sings of the girl he loves. 42 Oed' und leer das Meer The dying Tristan is waiting for Isolde's ship, but the lookout reports that the sea is desolate and empty.Between these two scene there is, by way of contrast, a modern love affair, beautiful but ultimately meaningless. Even in love she is neither living nor dead. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, 43 Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look! ) 48 Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three sta ves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear death by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs Equitone, Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: One must be so careful these days. 43 Madame Sosostris Madame Sosostris and the Taro cards represent ancient magic and ritual, here reduced to the insignificance of vulgar fortune telling. Eliot says of this passage: â€Å"I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: Because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part v. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear lat er; also the ‘crowds of people' and Death by Water is executed in part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate , quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself. † Page 4 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 48 Those are pearls that were his eyesThe Tempest, Act 1 ii , 394 Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange. Unreal city, 60 Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so many. 63 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaled, 64 And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine. 8 60 Unreal city Baudelaire: â€Å"O teeming city, city full of illusions, Where ghosts accost the passerby in broad daylight. † 63 I had not thought death had undone so many Inferno, Canto 3: â€Å"And behind it came so long a train of people, that I should never have believed death had undone do many. † (In this canto Dante describes the :†dreary souls who lived without blame and without praise . . . who were not rebellious, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. † Dante also call them â€Å"these wretches that never were alive. † 64 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaledInferno, Canto 4: â€Å"Here as mine ear could note, no plaint was heard, except of sighs, that made the eternal air to tremble, not caused by torture but from grief felt by those multitudes, many and vast. † This canto deals with people – like Socrates – who lived virtuously but never knew the Gospel. So two kinds of people live in the modern Waste Land: those who are secularised and those who have no knowledge of the faith. 68 With a dead sound at the final stroke of nine. Eliot says that he often noticed this when the clock of St Mary Woolnoth struck nine. In lines 60 to 68 Eliot is dealing with man's spiritual bankruptcy.He does this by recreating life about him by using the language and ideas of the past. In the modern Waste Land where people are living and partly living, they have no standards of right and wrong, of virtue and sin, that individuals or society accept or live by. Eliot uses the reminders to Dante to contrast this with another, more aware time. The people in Dante's Hell Page 5 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc were people who had sinned to various degrees and were punished in different circles of hell. Like the people James Thomson spoke of, who were gratified to gain hat positive eternity of pain Instead of this insufferable inane. There I saw one I knew; and stopped him, crying: â€Å"Stetson! 69 â€Å"You who were with me in the ships at Mylae! 70 â€Å"T hat corpse you planted last year in your garden 71, â€Å"Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? â€Å"Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? â€Å"Oh keep the Dog far hence, that's foe to men 74 â€Å"Or with his nails he'll did it up again! â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur! Mon semblable, mon frere! † 76 69 Stetson is the representative commuter 70 Mylae was one of the battles in the Punic war, a sordid trade war.By choosing this war rather than the similar and more topical 1914 – 1918 war, Eliot is making the point that all wars are similar. 71 The corpse you planted in your garden In ancient fertility rites, images of the gods were buried in the fields. 74 Oh keep the Dog far hence Dirge sung by Cornelia in THE WHITE DEVIL by John Webster Act 5, Scene 4: Call for the robin redbreast and the wren, Since o'er the shady groves they hover And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the fi eldmouse and the mole To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm.But keep the wolf far hence, that's foe to man Or with his nails he'll dig it up again. It is not such an odd step from wolf to dog. In the old testament the dog is not a friend to man, but even sometimes feeds on corpses. And Psalm 22 verse 20 has â€Å"Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the power of the dog. † 76 â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is the last line of Au Lecteur (To the reader), the poem that is the preface to Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) which is Charles Baudelaire's manifesto. It is addressed to the reader and means: â€Å"You, hypocrite reader, my image, my brother. â€Å"Translation of Au Lecteur by Sheila Davies Page 6 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Stupidity, indiscretion, sin and meanness Take over our minds and wear away our bodies, And, full of remorse, we affectionately nurture our wrongdoings In the same way that beggars fe ed titbits to vermin. Our sins are strong-willed, our repentance cowardly; Making gushing confession becomes a habit. We walk with gay abandon along fouled-up pathways, Believing that our cheap tears will wash away the stains of filth. It is Satan of the three-pronged fork who, On the pillow of evil, gently rocks our entranced spirit,And the precious metal of our free will Is all vaporised by this cunning alchemist. It is the devil who grasps the cords that entangle us. In whatever is repugnant we find charm. Each day we take one step nearer down to Hell, Blind to its horrors as we cross the stinking gloom. Just like a penniless lecher who kisses and nibbles The shriveled up breast of an old tart, We filch from life's journey our furtive pleasures Which we squeeze as we would an old orange. Holding on fast, writhing around like a million worms, A race of Demons holds an orgy in our brains, And, when we breathe, Death floods our lungs,An invisible river of stifled groans. If rape, po ison, murder or fire Have not yet embroidered their pretty designs On the insignificant canvas of our pitiful destinies, It is because our souls, alas, are not taut enough. But of all the jackals, panthers, lice, Apes, scorpions, vultures and serpents, The yelping, howling, snarling, creeping monsters Of the loathsome menagerie of our depravity, There is one that is even uglier, more wretched, more vile than all the rest; Though he utters no savage cries nor thrashes about in a frenzy, He would gladly reduce the world to a heap of debris,And with one great yawn swallow up the earth. He is Ennui! – his eye brimming over with an ineffectual tear, Page 7 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc He dreams up scaffolds while he smokes his opium. You know him, reader, this insidious monster, Hypocrite reader, – my kinsman – my brother! I I A GAME OF CHESS The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, 78 Glowed on the marble, where the glass Held up th e standards wrought with fruited vines From which a golden Cupidon peeped out (Another hid his eyes behind his wings) Doubled the flames of seven branched candelabraReflecting light upon the table as The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, From satin cases poured in rich profusion; In vials of ivory and colored glass Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, Unguent, powdered, or liquid – troubled, confused And drowned the sense in odors; stirred by the air That freshened from the window, these ascended In fattening the prolonged candle flames, Flung their smoke into the laquearia, 93 Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 94 Huge sea-wood fed with copper Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.Above the antique mantel was displayed As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene 99 The change in Philomel, by the barbarous king 100 .So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale Filled all the desert with i nviolable voice And still she cried, and still the world pursues, â€Å"Jug Jug† to dirty ears. And other withered stumps of time Were told upon these walls; staring forms Leaned out, leaning, hushing, hushing the room enclosed. Footsteps shuffled on the stair. Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair Spread out in fiery points Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. II A GAME OF CHESS This section of the poem deals with sex without love, especially within marriage, just as Fire Sermon deals with sex outside marriage. Page 8 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The title refers to a game of chess in Women Beware Of Women, a play by Thomas Middleton 1580 – 1627. While the duke is seducing Bianca in the gallery in view of the audience, his confederate is distracting her mother-in-law's attention with a game of chess. 78 The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne An empty, rich woman is sitting at her dressing table.The reference is t o Antony And Cleopatra, Act I, Sc 2, line 194, in which Enobarbus describes Cleopatra at her first meeting with Anthony. The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, Burn'd on the waters, the poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them And later in line 239: Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety; other women cloy The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. The allusion to Antony and Cleopatra contrasts voluptuous femininity and romantic love, and the artificial and sterile personal relationships in the waste land. 3 laquearia A paneled lacquered ceiling In his notes Eliot refers us to The Aeneid, Book 1 line 726 The chandeliers that hung from the gold fretted ceiling Were lit, and cressets of torches subdued the night with flames Translation by Cecil Day Lewis 94 coffered Decorated with sunken panels 99 sylvan scene Eliot's note refers us to Paradise Lost Book 4, line 140,describ ing the scene before Satan when he first arrives at the borders of Eden. and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, Shade above shade, a woody theatreOf stateliest view. Framed by this sylvan scene we see a reminder of Philomela. 100 The change in Philomel Tereus, king of Thrace married Procne , a girl from Athens. She missed her sister, Philomela, and sent Tereus to fetch her. Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her. He then cut out her tongue to prevent her from telling Procne, but she still found out. The sisters revenged themselves on Tereus by killing his son, Itylus, and setting his flesh before Tereus at a banquet. The gods took pity on these people and changed them into various birds: Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow and Philomela into a nightingale.Swinburne also uses this myth in The huntsman's chorus in Atalanta In Calydon: And the brown bright night ingale amorous Is half assuaged for Itylus And the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, The tongueless vigil, and all the pain. Eliot uses the nightingale as a symbol of beauty born out of suffering, but in the waste land it only sings â€Å"Jug, jug† to dirty ears. In Elizabethan poetry, â€Å"jug, jug† was a conventional way of representing birdsong, but it was also a crude, joking way of referring to the sex act. Page 9 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc A conversation starts at line 111.The woman in quotation marks, her husband not. The woman is sharp, shrill, irritable, the man detached and melancholy. Eliot puts his words in quotation marks, probably to imply that he does not answer at all, but merely says those words to himself. â€Å"My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. stay with me. 111 â€Å"Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. â€Å":What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? â€Å"I never know what you are thinking. Thi nk†. I think we are in rat's alley Where the dead men lost their bones â€Å"What is that noise? † The wind under the door. â€Å"Do you know nothing? Do you see nothing? â€Å"Do you remember nothing? I remember those are pearls that were his eyes. up to here â€Å"Are you alive or not? Is there nothing in your head? † But O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag It's so elegant So intelligent â€Å"What shall I do now? What shall I do? â€Å"I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street â€Å"With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? â€Å"What shall we ever do? † The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. â€Å"When Lil's husband got demobbed, I said â€Å"I didn't mince my words, I said to her myself,† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Now Albert's coming back, make yourself a bit smart. â€Å"He'll want to know what you done with that money he gave you To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there. ‘You have them all out Lil, and get a nice set' He said, ‘I swear I can't bear to look at you. ‘ And no more can't I, I said, and think of poor Albert He's been in the army four years he wants a good time And if you don't give it him, there's others will, I said. Page 10 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Oh is there, she said, Something o'that I said Then I'll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"If you don't like it you can get on with it, I said. Others can pick and choose if you can't. But if Albert takes off, it won't be for lack of telling. You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. (And her only thirty-one. ) I can't help it, she said, pulling a long face, It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. She's had five already, and nearly died of young George. The chemist said it would be all right but I'v e never been the same. You are a proper fool, I said. Well, if Albert won't leave you alone, there it is, I said. What you get married for if you don't want children? HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon, And they asked me to dinner to get the beauty of it hot -† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Goonight Bill, Goonight Lou, Goonight May, Goonight. Ta ta, Goonight Good night, ladies, goodnight, sweet ladies, good night, good night. 172 172 Good night, ladies Ophelia's last words before she drowns herself, driven mad by Hamlet's pretended love for her and then his feigned indifference. Hamlet, Act 4, scene 5, line 55 What does Eliot achieve with the allusions in A Game of Chess?The emotions aroused by the physical beauty and charm of Cleopatra, the passions in the rape and revenge of Philomela, the intensity of feeling and hurt that drove Ophelia to suicide, have no place in the lives of the rich or the poor , â€Å"living and partly living† in the waste land. III THE FIRE SERMON The river's tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf 173 Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind Crosses the brown land unheard. The nymphs are departed 175 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. 176 The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette endsOr other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors; Departed, have left no addresses. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . . 182 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long But at my back, in a cold blast I hear 185 Page 11 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The rattle of bones and the chuckle spread from ear to ear. The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust, anger, envy and other passions that consumed men.However, the trouble with any sermon is that, as Prospero said, â€Å"the strongest oaths are straw to the fire in the blood. † 173 The river's tent is broken The river's tent evokes the image of the shelter provided in summer by the leafy boughs of trees overhanging a river, a shelter now lost through the loss of leaves at the end of summer. But ‘the river's tent is broken' suggests a deeper and more solemn meaning. Perhaps the loss of some sacred or mystic quality. In the Old Testament, a tent can be a tabernacle or holy place because the wandering tribes of Israel used a tent as a portable tabernacle.In Isaiah 33: 20 we have a reminder of the time when the tabernacle was a tent: â€Å"Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be moved, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. † And in Isaiah 33:21 the statement that a river gives power and safety: â€Å"But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. † 175 The nymphs are departedEdmund Spenser celebrates the beauty and joy of marriage in his beautiful lyric, Prothalamion, using the Thames as a perfect pastoral setting. The nymphs that Eliot refers to are probably those described in the lines There in a Meadow, by the river's side, A flocke of Nymphs I chaunced to espy All lovely daughters of the flood thereby. 176 ‘Sweete Themmes runne softely till I end my Song' is the refrain from Prothalamion. (Prothalamion is a song or poem in celebration of a forthcoming wedding. ) 182 By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept Psalm 137 is the lamentation of the Israelites exiled to Babylon, yearning for their homeland.It starts: â€Å"By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. † â⠂¬ËœLeman' means an unlawful lover, so the phrase ‘the waters of Leman' is associated with lust. Lac Leman is the French name for Lake Geneva. Eliot worked on The Waste Land at Lausanne, a town near Lake Geneva. in 1922. 185 But at my back, in a cold blast I hear Andrew Marvel in TO HIS COY MISTRESS: Had we but world enough and time This coyness, Lady, were no crime, . . . But at my back I always hear Time's winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. Page 12 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 192 And on the king my father's death before him Eliot's note refers to The Tempest, Act 1, scene 2, line 390. Ferdinand has just heard Ariel singing â€Å"Come unto these yellow sands† and says Sitting on a bank Weeping again the king my father's wreck, This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air 193 White bodies naked on the low damp ground The drowned Phoenician sailor of Line 47 is a kind of fertility god whose image is thrown into the sea each spring to symbolize the death of summer, without which death there could be no resurrection of the new year.Southam claims that ‘the white bodies' here refer to the image of the fertility god taken out of the water to symbolize the god's resurrection. 197 The sound of horns and motors John Day in THE PARLIAMENT OF BEES: When of a sudden, listening, you shall hear, The noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring Actaeon to Diana in the Spring Where all shall see her naked skin. 199 O the moon shine bright on Mrs Porter The words come from a ballad popular with the Australian troops in world War 1. Mrs Porter was a legendary brothel keeper in Cairo. 202 Et 0 ces voix d'enfants chantant dans la coupole! And O those voices of children singing in the copula! † Paul Verlaine in Parsifal. Southam claims that Verlaine is referring to Wagner's Parsifal and its music. In the Grail Legend, the ch ildren's choir sings at the ceremonial foot washing before the knight Parsifal restores the wounded Anfortas, the Fisher King, and so lifts the curse from the waste land. Line 205 So rudely forced refers again to the rape of Philomela by Tereus. ‘Tereu' is the Latin vocative form of Tereus. This interpretation of the nightingale's song is found in ALEXANDER AND CAMPASPE BY John Lyly: ‘Oh, tis the ravished nightingale Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu! he cries. ‘ ‘Tereu', being the vocative, implies that she is addressing Tereus. Line 211 C. i. f. London is the price, including cost, insurance, freight to London. At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 215 Page 13 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits Like a taxi throbbing waiting, I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, 218 Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Hom eward, and brings the sailor home from sea, 221 The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast lightsHer stove, and lays out food in tins. Out of the window perilously spread Her drying combinations touched by the sun's last rays, On the divan are piled (at night her bed) Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled female dugs Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest He, the young man carbuncular. arrives, A small house agent's clerk, with one bold stare One of low on whom assurance sits As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire. 234 The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is over, she is bored and tired, Endeavors to engage her in caresses Which still are unreproved, if undesired.Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; Exploring hands encounter no defense; His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. (And I Tiresias have foresuffered all Enacted on this same divan or bed; I who have sat by Thebes below the wa ll 245 And walked among the lowest of the dead. ) 246 Bestows one final patronizing kiss, And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit. She turns and looks a moment in the glass, Hardly aware of her departed lover; Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: â€Å"Well now that's done: and I am glad it's over† When lovely woman stoops to folly and 253Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand And puts a record on the gramophone. 215 At the violet hour This refers to Dante's PURGAT0RY, Canto 8. It was the hour when a sailor's thoughts, the first day out, turn homeward, and his heart yearns for the loved ones he has left behind, the hour when the novice pilgrim aches Page 14 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc with love: the far off tolling of a bell now seems to him to mourn the dying day. Translation by Frank Musa. (A pity I did not have Musa's translations of Inferno and Paradiso. ) 218 I TiresiasIn lines 218 to 22 0, Eliot refers to the prophetic powers of Tiresias and the fact that he was bisexual, quoting Ovid's METAMORPHOSES in Latin. But we can settle for a free translation: Tiresias saw snakes mating in the forest. He hit them with his staff and was changed into a woman. Seven years later he saw the same two snakes and hit them again. As he had hoped, he was turned back into a man. Because he had experience as both a man and a woman, Jove called him in as an expert witness in a quarrel with his wife, Juno. He was arguing that in love the woman enjoys the greater pleasure; she argued that the man did.Tiresias supported Jove. Juno then blinded him out of spite. To make up for this, Jove gave him long life and the power of prophesy. Eliot also points out how the point-of-view in The Waste Land changes: â€Å"Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character', is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand, Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, the two sexes meet in Tiresias.What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. † 220 the evening hour that strives Eliot refers us to Sappho's prayer to the Evening Star: Oh, Evening Star that brings back all That shining Dawn has scattered far and wide, You bring back the sheep, the goat, And the child back to its mother. 221 and brings the sailor home from sea Eliot says he meant the longshore fisherman who returns at nightfall. 234 Silk hat upon a Bradford millionaire The manufacturing town of Bradford produced many new-rich millionaires during the first World War 245 I who have sat by Thebes below the wallTiresias is a key figure in King Oedipus by Sophocles because he knew that the pollution in Thebes came from Oedipus himself, and it is to prove him wrong that Oedipus embarks on his searching inquiries. Note that i n Thebes the people, the soil and the animals were all made infertile. 246 And walked among the lowest of the dead The Odyssey Book 10, lines 488 to 495 has the first reference to Tiresias in literature. speaks: Son of Laertes and seed of Zeus, resourceful Odysseus, You shall no longer stay in my house when none of you wish to; but first there is another journey you must accomplish nd reach the house of Hades and revered Persephone, there to consult with the soul of Teiresias the Theban, the blind prophet, whose senses stay unshaken within him, Page 15 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Circe to whom alone Persephone has granted intelligence even after death, but the rest of them are flittering shadows. Translation by Richmond Lattimore 253 When lovely woman stoops to folly In The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, Olivia returns to the place where she was seduced and sings: When lovely woman stoops to folly The only art her guilt to cover' And finds too l ate that men betray,To hide her shame from every eye, What charm can soothe her melancholy, To get repentance from her lover, What art can wash her guilt away? And wring his bosom, is to die. And wring his bosom, is to die â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† 257 And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street, O City city, I can sometimes hear Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street The pleasant whining of mandolin And a clatter and a chatter from within Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls 263 Of Magnus Martyr hold 264 Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold. The river sweats 266 Oil and tar The barges drift 68 With the turning tide Red sails Wide to leeward, swing on the heavy spar. The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the isle of dogs. Weialala leia 277 Wallala leialala Elizabeth and Leicester 279 Beating oars The stern was formed A gilded shell Red and gold The brisk swell Rippled both shores Southwest wind Carried down strea m The peal of bells Page 16 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc White towers Weialala leia Wallala leialala â€Å"Trams and dusty trees Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew 293 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees 294 Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe. † My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart Under my feet. After the event He wept. Promised ‘a new start' I made no comment. What should I resent? † â€Å"On Margate Sands. 301 I can connect Nothing with nothing The broken fingernails of dirty hands. My people, humble people who expect Nothing. † la la To Carthage then I came 308 Burning burning burning 309 O Lord Thou pluckest me out 310 O Lord Thou pluckest Burning 312 257 â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† See line 192 263 Fishmen are workers at nearby Billingsgate market. 264 Eliot says he regards the interior of Magnus Martyr as one of the finest of Christopher Wren's interiors 66 The river is the Thames. The song of the three Thames daughters starts here . From 292 to 306 they speak in turn. 268 The barges drift Some of this scene is based on the description of the river at the start of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. 277 Weialala leia The lament of the Rhine-maidens because the beauty of the river has been lost with the theft of the river's gold. As in the Grail legend, the theft has brought a curse. 279 Elizabeth and Leicester were thought to be lovers. In Froude's Elizabeth (Vol I chapter 4) there is a letter about a trip they took on the Thames. 293, 294 Highbury bore me.Richmond and Kew undid me. Eliot refers us to Canto 5 in Dante's Purgatory, which deals with those who died a violent death. At its end a woman from Sienna whose husband had suspected her of adultery and had her pushed out of a window in Maremma, speaks to the Pilgrim: Oh please, when you are in the world again and are quite rested from your journey here, Oh please remember me! I am called Pia Sienna gave me life, Ma remma death, as he knows who began it when he put his gem upon my finger, pledging faith. Mark Musa comments on how this short speech reveals her gentle and considerate Page 17 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc nature: â€Å"when you are in the world again and quite rested from your journey here† 294 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees The first two Thames daughters (292 to 295, 296 to 299) simply accept what happens to them. 301 â€Å"On Margate Sands. Eliot started writing The Waste Land on Margate Sands when he was recovering from a breakdown. But Eliot would deny the relevance of this. He said: â€Å"The more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmit the passions which are its material. 308 To Carthage then I came St Augustine's Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about min e ears. ‘ 309 Burning burning burning From The Fire Sermon, which Eliot sees as corresponding to the Sermon on the Mount. The Buddha says that â€Å"forms are on fire, †¦ impressions received by the eye are on fire: and whatever sensation, pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent, originates in dependence on impressions received by the eye, that also is on fire. And with what are these on fire? With the fire of passion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation. The Fire Sermon can be found in Henry Clarke Warren's Buddhism in Translation, Harvard Oriental Series. 310 O Lord Thou pluckest me out St Augustine's Confessions: â€Å"I entangle my steps with these beauties, but Thou pluckest me out, O Lord, Thou pluckest me out. † Eliot says that : â€Å"The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. † 312 burning In Canto 25, Dante reaches the last st age of the mountain of Purgatory, where he meets those who atone for the deadly sin of lechery, by fire. As long as they must burn within the fire the cure of flames, the diet of the hymns with these the last of their wounds is healed. ‘ Translated by Mark Musa IV DEATH BY WATER Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, Forgot the cry of gulls, the deep sea swell And profit and loss. A current under the sea 315 Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell he passed the stages of his youth Entering the whirlpool. Gentile or Jew 319 Page 18 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc O you who turn the wheel and turn to windward, Consider Phlebas, who was once as handsome and tall as you.Helen Gardner described Death by water as â€Å"a passage of ineffable peace in which the stain of living is washed away. † Southam points out that â€Å"This section is a close adaptation of the last seven lines of a French poem Dans le Restaurant written by Elliot in 1916 – 1917. † Here is a translation by Southam: Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight drowned, Forgot the cry of gulls, and the swell of the Cornish sea and the profit and the loss, and the cargo of tin. An undersea current carried him far, Took him back through the ages of his past. Imagine it – a terrible end for man once so handsome and tall. 15 and 316 A current under the sea This is again on the theme of sea change of Line 48: Those are pearls that were his eyes 319 Gentile or Jew That is, all mankind. (The Jews in this case mean the faithful and the gentiles those who rejected God. ) V WHAT THE THUNDER SAID After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 322 After the frosty silence in the gardens After the agony in stony places The shouting and the crying Prison and palace and reverberation Of thunder of spring over distant mountains He who was living is now dead And we who were living are now dying With a little patience 326 327Here is no water, but only rock 331 Rock and no water and the sandy road The road winding above among the mountains Which are mountains of rock without water If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop and think Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand If there were only water amongst the rock Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit Here one cannot neither stand nor lie nor sit There is not even silence in the mountains But dry sterile thunder without rain There is not even solitude in the mountain But red sullen faces sneer and snarl From doors of mudcracked housesIf there were water And no rock If there were rock Page 19 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc And also water A spring A pool among the rock If there were the sound of water only No the cicada and dry grass singing But the sound of water over a rock Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop But there is no water 359 Who is the third who walks always b eside you? 360 When I count there is only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Wrapped in a brown mantle, hoodedI do not know whether a man or a woman – But who is that on the other side of you? 366 What is the sound high in the air 367 Murmur of maternal lamentation Who are those hooded hordes swarming Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth Ringed by the flat horizon only What is the city over the mountains Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air Falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal 377 A woman drew her long black hair out tight 378 And fiddled whisper music on those strings And bats with baby faces in the violet light Whistled, and beat their wingsAnd crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that tolled the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells 385 What the thunder said Eliot says in his notes: â€Å"In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous, (see Miss Weston's book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. † (The book is Miss Jessie L Weston's From Ritual to Romance on the Grail legend. He says it â€Å"will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do. ) 322 to 330 refer to the events from the betrayal and arrest of Jesus until his death, as described in John 18. Page 20 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 322 torchlight on sweaty faces John 18: 3 â€Å"Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh hither with lanterns and torches and weapons. † 326 Prison and palace and reverberation: Jesus was taken under arrest to the palace of the high priest, where he was publicly interrogated and then taken to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate in the hall of judgment 27 Reverberation of thunder: Matthew 27: 50, 51 â€Å"Jesus, then when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake and the rocks rent. † 331 Here is no water, but only rock: The God, as represented here by Jesus has been killed, and this is followed by spiritual death, the image of which is a barren, mountainous world of rock and sand. This is a place of physical and emotional purgatory. The search in WHAT THE THUNDER SAID is for water, for the sacred river and its wisdom.But there is no water. 353 to 355 are an echo of lines 23 to 25. 360 to 367: Even when man's savior has arisen, man cannot recognize him. Luke 24, 13 to 21 describes the journey to Emmaus. Christ has arisen, but his disciples think that he is gone from them forever. He meets two of them on the road to Emmaus, but they do not recognize him. Eliot says that lines 360 to 365 were stimulated by a n account by Shackleton of an Antarctic exhibition on which the exhausted explorers were haunted by the delusion that there was one more person with them than could be counted. 67 to 377: Eliot quotes Herman Hesse: Blick ins Chaos: â€Å"Already half of Europe, already at least half of eastern Europe, is reeling towards the abyss in a state of drunken illusion, and as she reels sings a drunken hymn, as Dimitri Karamasoff sang. The insulted masses laugh these songs to scorn, the saint and the seer hear them with tears. † Eliot was deeply concerned about the decay of Eastern Europe. Coote: â€Å"With the collapse of spiritual values, with moral and financial ruin after the First World War and, further, the massive rises in population, there was at this time a widespread fear of revolution.The example had already been set by Russia, and what Eliot pictured here is a swarming, mindless anarchy reared on the ‘endless plains of eastern Europe which, with their ‘cracked earth' and ‘flat horizon' correspond to the Waste Land itself. † 378 to 385: The Chapel Perilous was filled with horrors to test a knight's courage; nightmare visions, including bats with baby faces, assail him on his approach. Eliot says that some of the details of this part of the poem were inspired by a painting of the school of Hieronymus Bosch, some of whose works are grotesque and horrifying visions of Hell. 85: empty cisterns and exhausted wells In the Old Testament these signify drying up of faith and the worship of false gods. In this decayed hole among the mountains 386 In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel Page 21 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is the empty chapel, only the wind's home. It has no windows, and the door swings, Dry bones can harm no one. Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain 395 Ganga has sunk en, and the limp leaves 396 Waited for rain, while black cloudsGathered far distant over Himavant. 398 The jungle crouched, humped in silence. Then spoke the thunder DA 401 Datta: what have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moment's surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this and this only, we have existed Which is not to be found in our obituaries Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider 409 Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor In our empty rooms. 386 to 395: For this quester the Chapel Perilous has become a decayed hole among the mountains. The chapel is empty, the symbols have lost their meaning. Coote: â€Å"There is only the wind's home.The seeker has pushed himself to the absolute and found nothing. The traditions are dead. It is at this moment that there comes a glimpse of partial salvation Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain This clarion c all announces a new stage symbolized by the possibility of rain. For the moment it is ‘far distant'. But the thunder is no longer sterile. The flash of lightning, the flash of spiritual as well as actual illumination prepares us for the voice of God and his command to creatures to ‘give, sympathize, control', to free themselves from the world of selfish desire. 396 Ganga is the Ganges, the sacred river of India. It is the home of the early vegetation myths 398: Himavant is a holy mountain in the Himalayan range. 401: DA Here is the fable of the meaning of the thunder given in the Upanishads, the sacred writings of Hinduism: 1. The threefold descendants of Prajapati, gods, men and evil spirits, dwelt as students with their father, Prajapati. Having finished their studentship, the gods said: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Damyatta', Be subd ued. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 2.Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † Page 22 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Datta, Give. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 3. Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Dayadvam, Be merciful. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. The divine voice of thunder repeats the same Da da da, that is Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let this triad be taught.Subduing, Giving and Mercy. 402 to 410 Giving, here means giving yourself in love, losing yourself in love of others, beyond the neurotic love of A Game of Chess. 407 Memories draped by the b eneficent spider Eliot refers us to John Webster's The White Devil where Flamineo warns against the inconstancy of women. they'll remarry ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs. DA Dayadvam: I have heard the key 412 Turn in the door once and turn once only We think of the key, each in his prison Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison Only at nightfall, ethereal rumorsRevive for a moment a broken Coriolanus. 417 DA Damyata: The boat responded 419 Gaily to the hand expert with sail and oar The sea was calm, your heart would have responded Gaily, when invited, beating obedient To controlling hands. 423 412: I have heard the key Eliot refers us to Inferno, Canto 33, line 46: Ugolino: I heard the key below the door of the dreadful tower being locked, and I looked at the faces of my sons without a word. I did not weep, I had so turned to stone within me. They wept . . . Dante is now in that part of Hell where traitors are punished and sees Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiero.In the struggle between the Ghibelline and Guelph factions that split Italy, Ugolino, a Ghibelline, conspired with Giovanni Visconti to raise the Guelphs to power. Three years later he plotted with Ruggiero, the head of the Ghibellines to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggiero had other plans, and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons in a tower where they were left to starve to death. When the door was locked, the key was thrown in the river. Coote: â€Å"The cold-blooded traitor seeking his own advantage is the most anti-social of sinners, the destroyer of social order which – at least in its ideal form – was for Dante the work of God.To abuse it was a deadly offence. There is no sympathy here, no working for the common weal. One Page 23 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc form of spiritual death, Eliot is saying, is total and sterile selfishness. In political terms, this means the self-seeking of Ugolino and Coriolanus. † 417 Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus Another example of tragic selfishness. Coriolanus was so obsessed with his own honour and dignity that he went over to the enemies of Rome. All that was available to him there was selfdestructive violence. He is â€Å"broken† because his selfishness led to his death. 11 to 417 On the subject of our isolation from others, our lack of sympathy and hence our need to feel sympathy for others, Eliot quotes from F H Bradley's Appearance and Reality: â€Å"My external sensations are no less private to myself than are my thoughts and feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it . . . In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar to that soul. 419 to 423 Damyata implies self-control, a restraint that you put upon desi re. Coote: â€Å"Eliot's interpretation is somewhat different. He takes a moment of one-ness while sailing and compares it to the wished-for unity of lover and beloved. Contented human passion is again the value most to be prized, but here control becomes not self-constraint but the feeling of order derived from a rightly conceived unity with one's beloved and the elements – the prosperous world of water and returned affection. â€Å"However, the moment of revelation and of possible potency is not complete and, as we shall see, is not final either.What the thunder urges on man is love, the free surrendering of self and the consequent spiritual and psychological health of the private and universal Waste Land redeemed. But such loss of self can neither be complete nor permanent. Mankind is obliged to return to his own closed circle of perception. The best he can hope for is a remembered glimpse of what has been or could have been experienced, and the Narrator is forced to rec all this in isolation. † I sat upon the shore Fishing, with the arid plain behind me Shall I at least set my lands in order? London bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina 428 Quando fiam uti chelidon – o swallow swallow 429 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie 430 These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. 432 Datta. Dayadvam. Damyata Shanti shanti shanti 434 424 to 434 It is with this isolation that the poem ends. The protagonist has gone in search of the water of life and ends up fishing with the arid plains behind him. Williamson: â€Å"Having traveled the Grail road to no avail, he ends in the knowing but helpless state of the Fisher King.Now that the Thunder has spoken he is the Man with Three Staves – with three cardinal virtues that could be supports, that would ensure the rain. But awareness is not will, and so he thinks of preparing for death, with a questio n that recalls Isaiah 38:1: ‘Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. ‘ This preparation involves some account of his fishing for life, of the fragments or ‘broken images' which he has shored against his ruins. This defines not only his predicament and state of mind, but the discoveries that are indicated in the poem.As partial quotations they are in fact ‘fragments' that have their full Page 24 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc meaning in other contexts; they summarise the ‘broken images' of truths left in the Waste Land. Even nursery rhymes may contain or hide terrible truths; so ‘London Bridge' presents an image of modern disintegration, of sinking into the river. † 428 Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina Purgatory, Canto 26: 142 to 148: Dante is here in the circle of the lustful who repented, and speaks to his old poetic mentor Guinizelli.Then he sees Arnaut Daniel, ‘il miglior fabbro' a be tter craftsman than Guinizelli, who says: ‘I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears regretfully recalling my past follies, and joyfully anticipating joy. I beg you in the name of that great power guiding you to the summit of the stairs: remember, in the good time, my suffering here. ‘ Then in the purifying flames he hid. Translated by Frank Musa (The last line is the one quoted in The Waste Land) Eliot says of these lines: â€Å"The souls in Purgatory suffer because they wish to suffer, for in purgation through suffering is their hope. † 29 Quando fiam uti chelidon When shall I be like the swallow? From the anonymous Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris (The Vigil of Venus) which, according to George Steiner, â€Å"was written in a darkening time, amid the breakdown of classical literacy. † The poet who knows that the Muses can perish by silence (perdidi musam tacendo), laments that his song is unheard and asks when spring will give it a voice, so that it can re turn like the swallow. 430 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie The Prince of Aquitaine has a ruined castle From the sonnet El Desdichado ( The Disinherited) by Gerard de Nerval.Southam: â€Å"The poet refers to himself in this sonnet as the disinherited prince, heir to the tradition of the French troubadour poets of Aquitaine in Southern France. One of the cards in the Tarot pack is the tower struck by lighting, symbolizing a lost tradition. † 432 Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is sub-titled Hieronymo's mad againe. Southam: Hieronymo is driven mad by the murder of his son. When he is asked to write a court entertainment, he replies. ‘Why then Ile fit you! meaning ‘Why then I'll produce something fitting for you! He arranges that his son's murderers are themselves killed in his little play, which was made up of poetry in ‘sundry languages', exactly as in The Waste Land. 434 Shanti shanti shanti In his notes Eliot says that this is the formal ending to an Upanishad. Page 25 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The equivalent in the Anglican faith would be as in Phillipians 4, verse 7: And the peace of God which surpasses all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Page 26 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Apush Textbook Notes

Shaping of North America – Pangea Split North America formed – â€Å"America’s Mountains† = Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges Peopling the Americas – 35,000 years ago = Ice Age Glaciers that connected Eurasia with N. America (present day Bering Sea) Nomadic Asian hunters (immigrant ancestors of the Natives) Trekked across the Bering isthmus for 250 centuries Reached far tip of S. America (15,000 miles from Siberia) By the time Europeans arrived in 1492, 54 million people inhabited the two Am. Continents Incas in PeruMayans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico – Four Great Nations (Natives, before colonists) Aztecs Maya Inca Cahokia – Maize = Indian corn – Built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce – Mathematicians (made accurate astronomical observations) – Aztecs Sought the favor of their gods by offering human sacrifices (over 5,000 people ritually slaughtered for crowning of ONE chiefta in) The Earliest Americans – Agriculture Corn growing Accounted for size and sophistication of Na. A. in Mexico and S. A. 000 BC, hunter-gatherers in highland Mexico developed wild grass into the staple crop of corn – Became staff of life and foundation of complex, large-scare, centralized Aztec and Incan nation-states that eventually emerged Process went slowly and unevenly Corn planting reached American Southwest by 1200 BC – Pueblo people (Rio Grande valley) constructed irrigation systems to water their cornfields.Dwelled in villages of multistory buildings. – No dense concentrations of population or complex nation states comparable to the Aztec empire existed in N. Am. outside of Mexico when the Europeans arrived. Mound Builders (Ohio River valley), Anasazi (Southwest) sustained large settlements after incorporating corn planting. – Cultivation of MAIZE, BEANS, SQUASH – â€Å"Three-Sister† Farming: Beans growing on trellis of corn stalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil – Highest population densities: Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee – Natives in N. Am. lived in small, scattered, impermanent settlements – Women tended to crops, Men hunted, fished, gathered fuel and cleared fields for planting – Iroquois Developed matrilinear cultures, power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line.Natives didn’t want to manipulate nature aggressively – Revered physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties Indirect Discoverers of the New World – Norse seafarers from Scandinavia had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of N. Am. AD 1000. – Landed near present day Newfoundland Lots of grapes – Named Vinland Forgotten except for in song Europeans Enter Africa – Marco Polo (Italian adventurer) returned to Europe 1295, telling tales about China – Portuguese Columbus Comes upon a New World – Oct 12, 1492 = Sighted island in Bahamas – Discovery convulsed four continents Europe AfricaTwo Americas – Global economic system When Worlds Collide – Columbus Exchange â€Å"Discovered† America Old New: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, slave labor New Old: Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis New race Hispanic/Latino The Spanish Conquistadores – 1500s God, glory, GOLD. Encomienda Any Spaniard with a farm or a mine can force natives to work for them – 1512: New laws of Spain (to address the above about Encomienda) – Europe + Africa + AmericasElizabeth Energizes England Francis Crake was a sea dog of Queen Elizabeth Sir Walter Raleigh organized a trip in 1585 in North Carolina’s Roanoke Island to try to colonized it England on the Eve of Empire 27-28: enclosing [enc losure]; tenancy; joint-stock companies since only the eldest son of the family could inherit, the others wuld look for fortune somewhere else the men joined joint stock exchange companies where they pooled together their finances England Plants the Jamestown Seedling Virginia Company; ‘rights of Englishmen’Received charter form Kind James I for a settlement in the New World Mainly for gold and passage to the Indies Guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights of English men Even if their not in the country This would be the start of resentment from colonists before the revolution because of lack of rights of Englishmen 1606 2 ships landed near Chesapeake Bay May 24, 1607 Jamestown was founded After many voyages to Jamestown Many of the colonists were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and also wasted time looking for gold John Smith; Powhatan John SmithYoung adventure took control of Jamestown in 1608 His rule was : â€Å"he who shall not work shall not ear In December1607 he was kidnapped by Powhatan and subjected to a mock execution Pocahontas saved him by putting her head on top of his Symbolism was to impress Smith with Powhatans power and Indians desire for peaceful relations with the colonist Pocahontas was a intermediary between the 2 side to preserve shaky peace and provide for foodstuff ‘starving time’=winter People would eat dogs, cats, mice, corpses, one man even murdered his wife and ate her Only 60 settlers survived 609-1610 Pocahontas married John Rolfe and ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 The Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 defeated the VirginiansVirginia: Child of Tobacco Economy ‘built on tobacco’ John Rolfe became the â€Å"father of tobacco† and saved the economy of Virginia 1612 he perfected the methods of raising and curing weeds The Virginians were so concentrated planting tobacco that they had to important some of their food It ruined the soil 1619 (year before pilgrims c ame on the Mayflower)a Dutch ship came and sold 20 Africans House of Burgesses epresentative self government born in Virginia in 1619 London Company authorized settlers to summon an assembly known as House of Burgesses Royal Colony (what went wrong? ) **1624, James I(detested tobacco and he distrusted the House of Burgesses) revoked charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company, making Virginia a royal colony under his control Maryland: Catholic Haven Lord Baltimore; Maryland 2nd plantation colony was founded in 1624 by Lord Baltimore who is of a prominent English Catholic family(4th colony to be planted) he created Maryland as refuge for his fellow CatholicsThe Catholics were rewarded with great manors and land Source(s) of tension between Catholics and Protestants? The Catholic were barons while the Protestants were planters There was resentment which then brewed into the rebellion near the end of the century Maryland prospered because of the tobacco In fear of being overwhelmed by the Catholics, they supported the Act of Toleration in 1649 Toleration of Christians Bad for Jews, atheists ‘freedom of worship’ (how tolerant? Limits? ) Dominion- Many colonies, forced upon them New England Confederation -4 colonies, joined willinglyColonzing the Carolinas Carolina was founded un 1670s Rice was main export North Carolina separated from South Carolin in 1712 Most independent minded and least aristocratic of the 13 Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony last of the 13 Georgia was to serve as abuffer Protected the valuable Carolinas (sugar/rice) from Spaniards (FL) and French (LA) Name after George II Founded by high minded group of philanthropists Produced silk/wine Haven for sould imprisioned for depts. Plantation Colonies Note characteristics: Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia They were devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products Tobacco and rice Wide scattered plantations made building schools and churches expensive and difficult Most except for some in NC and GA perfered aristocratic atmospheres All permitted relisious toleration sometax supported Church of England Relied on indentured servants/slaves later on First slaves were not Africans, they were Native Americans Constructed on rivers, easily transported * â€Å"God hath sifted a nation that he might send Choice Grain into this Wilderness† — what does this mean?William Bradford pilgram leader2 Rhode Island is the most liberal of the 13 colonies Makers of America: The English (50-51) Compare demographics of N. and S: ie, indentured males vs. families North was extreme weather, steril soil South hotdiseases Crash crops tobacco, rice, cotton Puritans vs. Indians Review Metacom’s War 1675 Metacom (King Phillip by the English)was Massasoit’s son (chief when the pilgrams landed) forged an alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English billages throught New Engalnd 1676 the war end ed and 52 Puritan towns had been attacked 2 towns were destroyed entirely drastically reduced the number of colonoist Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence New England Confederation (note the date) 1643, 4 New England colonies banded together to form the NE Confederation defense against foes or potentional foes Indians, Dutch, French Runaway servants also were the Confederation’s problem Each member only had 2 votes Exclusive Puritan club Why does Charles II provide charters to Rhode Island and Connecticut? What does this say about the relationship between the colonies (esp. Massachusetts) and England in the 17th century?Connecticut 1662 a sea to sea charter grant which legalized the squatter settlements 1663 Rhode Island received charter which gave kingly sanction to the most religious toleraent government to try and get more colonies of the King’s side Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of New England 1686 How is it different from New England C onfederation? It was imposed from London Embraced all New Engalnd and then included NY and East and West Jersey Aimed at bolstering colonial defence in the event war with the Indians What is its relationship to the Navigation Acts?Designed to promot urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws Laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th centery Sought to stitch Engalnd’s overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by England Caused lots of smuggling Why does the Dominion break up? Head of he Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros Military background Harsh, strict He generated much hostility by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England Colonist were outraged by noisy and Sabbath profaning soldiers He stopped town meetingRestrictions of church, school, press†¦ Taxed people without consent Enforced unpopular Navigation Laws, suppress smuggling 688-1689 colonists engineered the memorable Glourious (Bloddless) Revolution broke up because of the Glourious War in England Dethrouned Chaotlic James II and enthroned Protestean rulars of Netherlands William III and Mary Found him because he dressed as a human How does turning Massachusetts into a Royal Colony affect Puritan control of politics? Why do William and Mary of England do this? Turned into royal colony in 1691New charter and governer *****What is Salutary Neglect, why does it begin, and what were its limits? New monarchs relaxed their grip on colonial trade Period of salutary neglect Hands off approach Sort of taxation, didn’t really enforce it Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors & Dutch Residues in New York *Peter Stuyvesant Expedition in 1655 led Lost his leg soldiering in the West Indies Charles II and the founding of New York 1664 Charles II granted the area to his Brother Duke of York New Amsterdam rename New York Dutch legacyDutch peppered place names all ov er including Harlem, Brookyn, Hell Gate, Easter eggs, Santa, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, and Kolf (golf) Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania; Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Quakers Arose in England during mid 1600s Offensive to authorities, civil and religious No clergy Deep conviction, abhorred strife and warfare Refused military service Advocates of passive resistance Pacifist (some of the 1st abolitionists) William Penn 1681 he secured a grant of fertile land from the kingPennsylvania (Penn’s Woodland) Best advertised of all colonies Unlike others Penn’s inducements were truthful Liberal land policy William Penn & Pennsylvania Launched his own colony in 1681 Philadelphia (brotherly love in Greek) Penn bought land from the Indians including Chrief Tammany He was so fair that the Quakers were among them unarmed and even used them as babysitters Philadelphia Quakers and Indians; Quaker tolerance (others; religions; slavery) and the Scots Iris h Very civil Other non Quaker and non Europeans moved in andWas unusually liberal and had a representative assembly elected by land owners No tax supported state church Death penetly only for treason and murder Forced by king to deny Jews and Catholics boting rights Attarted rich mix of ethic groups Quakers were shwerd businessmen By 1700 Penn surpassed BA and MA’s population and wealth New Jersey started in 1664 The Middle Ways in the Middle Colonies Name the â€Å"middle colonies: NY, NJ DE, PN ‘bread colonies’ [bread-basket of the British colonies in America] PN NY NJ Heavy wheat economy (now it’s Midwest , Nebraska, Iowa†¦.Make the comparison: â€Å"Middle Colonies† in more than just name: land holding politics, industry Midway between New England and the southern Generally intermediate in size (except NY) Fewer industries than north no plantation like the south Religious tolerance Good economy â€Å"Most American† – explain: All rounded Made it too the big city on his own Very successful Ethnically mixed Different religions Most democratic – Europeans and Africans adapted to the New World, Natives adapted to newcomers – Rigid doctrines of Puritanism softened – All colonies remained tied to England Regional differences – Increasing importance of slave labor to southern way of life The Unhealthy Chesapeake – Nasty, brutish, shot life for ChesapeakeMalaria, dysentery and typhoid took lots of lives – Majority of immigrants were single men in their late teens and early twenties (most perished soon after arrival) – Weak family ties – Chesapeake eventually acquired immunity – More women, more families – End of 17th century, white population of Chesapeake grew based on birthrate The Tobacco Economy – Chesapeake immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation Intense cultivation exhausted soil – This enormous production depressed pr ices, but colonial Chesapeake tobacco growers responded to falling prices in the familiar way of farmers: by planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to marketMore tobacco = More labor – Indians died too quickly – African slaves cost too much – England had may displaced farmers – â€Å"Indentured servants† – Virginia and Maryland â€Å"Headright† System = Encourage importation of servant workers – Masters reaped benefits of landownership – Investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate â€Å"White slaves† represented more than ? of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century – Indentured servants Hard but hopeful life. Freedom dues. Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion – Broken hopes of acquiring land – Hard to find single woman to marry – â€Å"having little interest in the country† and causing ‘tum ults at the election to the disturbance of his majesty’s peace† – William Berkeley (Virginian governor) – About 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676 – Revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon (planter) *Rebels mainly frontiersmen – Fiercely resented Berkeley’s friendly policies toward Indians (whose thriving furtrade the governor monopolized * – Fell murderously upon Indians, friendly and hostile alike, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and put the torch to the capital * – Berkeley hung over 20 rebels * – Distant English King could scarcely imagine depths of passion and fear that Bacon’s Rebellion excited in Virginia Ignited smoldering unhappiness of landless former servants Pitted frontiersmen against haughty gentry – Less troublesome laborers to toil in the restless tobacco kingdom – Eyes it on Africa. Colonial Slavery – 10 million Africans – 400,000 of them ended up in N. Am. †“ Africans brought to Jamestown 1619, but as late as 1670s, numbered only 2,000 in Virginia – 1680s – Rising wages in England shrank pool of penniless folk – By mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals – 1698, Royal African Company lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies – Rhode Islanders rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade – Blacks accounted for nearly half the population of Virginia by 1750 S.C. , outnumbered whites two to one – Death rates on ship as high as 20% – Few of earliest African immigrants gained freedom (some became slaveowners) – White colonist reacted remorselessly to racial threat – RACE – 1662, statues appeared that formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks – â€Å"Slave Codes† made blacks and their children the property (or â€Å"chattels†) for life of their white masters – Not e ven conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom – Slavery begun because of economic reasons Racial discrimination powerfully molded American slave system Africans in America – South, slave life especially severe – Climate hostile to health – Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population under conditions – Slave population rose – Few slave societies in history to perpetuate itself by natural reproduction (Chesapeake) – Native-born African-Americans contributed to growth of a stable and distinctive slave culture – Af. Ams. = Mixture of African and American elements of speech, religion and folkways – S.C. , unique language Gullah Blended with English and several African languages – Ringshout, West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher’s shouts, was brought to colonial America, and contributed to development of jazz – Banjo and bong o drum also part of African contributions – Slave revolt erupted in NYC in 1712 that cost the lives of dozens of whites and caused execution of 21 blacks (burned at stake) – S. C. lacks along Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739 and tried to march to Spanish Florida (stopped by local militia) – No slave uprising in American history matched Bacon’s Rebellion Southern Society – As slavery spread, gaps in South’s social structure widened – Rough equality defined hierarchy of wealth and status in early 18th century – Owning gangs of slaves and vast domains of land, planters ruled region’s economy and monopolized political powerHouse of Burgesses Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of Virginia legislature came from families established in VA before 1690 – the famed â€Å"first families of Virginia† or â€Å"FFVs† – Merchant planters Not gentlemanly Cultivated arts and accumulated distinguish ed libraries Businessmen (labored long hours) – One governor allowed servants to get drunk the next day if they would only lay off the liquor long enough to look after his guests at a celebration or the queen’s birthday in 1711 – Small farmers – Largest social group – Landless whites – Luckless former indentured servants – Indentured servants – Black slaves = basement of society Few cities sprouted in colonial South (professional class slow to emerge and revolved around great plantations) – Waterways provided principal means of transport – Roads hard to travel by The New England Family -New England settlers have good lives: 10 additional years of life expectancy, clean air and water, cool temperature. -New Englanders migrated as families. -Women wedded early (around 20) and had babies every 2 years until menopause. -Because women we’re dying from giving birth, many women began to fear pregnancy. -Children r eceived guidance from their parents and their grandparents.Strong family relationships. -Southern men frequently died young and left wives as widows. The southern colonies later allowed married women to retain separate title to their property. They were also given the right to inherit their husband’s estate. -New England lawmakers worried that recognizing women’s separate property rights would undercut the unity of married people. So, women gave up their property rights when married. -Women couldn’t vote, morally weaker than men. -New England authorities begin to restrain abusive spouses. -Divorce was rare and authorities encouraged couples to get back together.Life in the New England Towns -Puritans- concerned about whole community. -After proprietors received grants of land, they moved with their families and started a town. -Consisted of meeting house, houses, village green. -Each family received several parcels of land, a woodlot for fuel, and 2 tracts (for growing and pasturing) -A majority of adults knew how to read and write. -1636- Harvard is established/ -Regular town meetings. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials -New form of sermon â€Å"jeremiad† -Individuals testify that they had received God’s grace and therefore deserved to be admitted to the church. 1662 Half-Way Covenant- the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism.Weakened the distinction between the â€Å"elect† and the others. -Puritans begin to accept anyone into their faith. -Teenage girls claimed to be bewitched by older women. This began the â€Å"witch hunt† -1692-lynching of 21 individuals and 2 dogs -Most accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s market economy -ended in 1693 when the governor (wife accused of witch-craft) prohibited any further trials and pardoned those convicted. The New England Way of Life -Weather was bad in New England. Soil and climate produced a dive rsified agriculture and industry. -Indians are well off.Recognized the right to use the land, but individual ownership was alien to them. -English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe. -Colonists continually clearing forests. -New Englanders scattered. The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways -The majority of colonists were farmers. -Women on southern plantations and farms wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Men cleared land; fenced, planted and cropped; cut firewood; and butchered livestock. -Land was cheap. The Spanish were at Santa Fe in  1610. The French were at Quebec in  1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in  1607. England's Imperial Stirrings King Henry VIII  broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the  1530s, launching the  English Protestant Reformation, and intensifying the rivalry with Catholic Spain. Elizabeth Energizes England In  1580,  Francis Drake  circumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spain's empirical dreams and fighting spirit had been weakened – helping to ensure the English's naval dominance over the North Atlantic.England on the Eve of an Empire Because an economic  depression  hit  England  in the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without homes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling In  1606, a joint-stock company, known as the  Virginia Company of London,  received a charter from  King James I of England  for a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown on  May 24, 1607. In  1608,  Captain John Smith  took over the town and forced the settlers into line.By  1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the â€Å"starving winter† of 1609-1610. Cultural Clash in the Chesape ake Lord De La Warr  reached Jamestown in  1610  with supplies and military. He started the  First Anglo-Powhatan War. The Indians were again defeated in the  Second Anglo-Powhatan War  in  1644. By  1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia: Child of Tobacco John Rolfe  married  Pocahontas  in  1614,  ending  the First Anglo-Powhatan War. In  1619, self-government was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the  House of Burgesses.King James I didn't trust the House of Burgesses and so in  1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Maryland: Catholic Haven Maryland  was formed in  1634  by  Lord Baltimore. Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government. The  Act of Toleration, which was passed in  1649  by the local representative group in Maryland, granted tolerati on to all Christians. The West Indies: Way Station to mainland America By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. Sugar  was, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In order to control the large number of slaves, theBarbados Slave Code of 1661  denied  even the most fundamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the Carolinas Civil war plagued England in the 1640s. In  1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under  William Penn  promised better relations.Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart – in  1710. Rice  became the primary export of the Carolinas. The Thirteen Original Colonies Name| Founded By| Year| Virginia| London Co. | 1607| New Hampshire| John Mason and Others| 1623| MassachusettsPlymouthMaine| PuritansSeparatistsF. Gorges| 162816201623| Maryland| Lord Baltimore| 1634| ConnecticutNew Haven| Mass. EmigrantsMass. Emigrants| 16351638| Rhode Island| R. Williams| 1636| Delaware| Swedes| 1638| N. Carolina| Virginians| 1653| New York| Duke of York| 1664| New Jersey| Berkeley and Carteret| 1664|Carolina| Eight Nobles| 1670| Pennsylvania| William Penn| 1681| Georgia| Oglethorpe and others| 1733| * France Finds a Foothold in Canada In  1598, the  Edict of Nantes  was issued by the crown of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics. In  1608, France established  Quebec. (Catholic)   The leading figure was  Samuel de Champlain,  an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title â€Å"Father of New France†. The government of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king.The people did not elect any representative assemblies. New France Sets Out New France contained one valuable resource –  beaver. French Catholic missionaries, notably the  Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in  1701  to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana. In order to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana.The French founded  New Orleans  in  1718. Illinois became France's garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there. The Clash of Empires The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists as  King William's War (1689-1697)  and  Q ueen Anne's War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in  1713  with peace terms signed at  Utrecht. France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkins's Ear started in  1739  between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known as  King Georges's War in America. It ended in  1748  with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. George Washington Inaugurates War with France In  1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.The Virginians were forced to surrender on  July 4, 1754. In  1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. Global War and Colonial Disunity The  French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)  started in  1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.The  Albany Congress  met in  1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath General Braddock  set out in  1755  with 2,000 men to capture  Fort Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. (Braddock's Blunder)   Due to this loss of troops, the whole fro ntier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In  1756, the British launched a  full-scale invasion of Canada. Pitt's Palms of Victory In  1757,  William Pitt  became the foremost leader in the London government. He was known as the â€Å"Great Commoner. †Ã‚   He attacked and captured  Louisbourg  in  1758. To lead the attack in the  Battle of Quebec  in  1759, Pitt chose  James Wolfe. The two opposing armies faced each other on the  Plains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under  Marquis de Montcalm. Montreal fell in  1760. The  Treaty of Paris (1763)  ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America.Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunity  had been caused by enormous distances; geographical barriers; conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers; varied nationalities, from German to Irish; differing types of colonial governments; many boundary disputes; and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans: A People of Destiny In  1763,  Ottawa chief,  Pontiac,  led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country.His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians. London government issued the  Proclamation of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was made to prevent another bloody eruption between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists disregarded it. * The Deep Roots of Revolution Two ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18th  century:   1.Rep ublicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. 2. â€Å"Radical Whigs†, a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.The  Navigation Law of 1650  stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers. The Stamp Tax Uproar Due to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt. In  1763,  Prime Minister George Grenville  ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the  Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the  Sugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.The  Quartering Act of 1765  required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. In  1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as the  Stamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act The  Stamp Act Congress of 1765  brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation.The meeting's ripples began to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towardsintercolonial unity. Nonimportation agreements  (agreements made to not import British goods)  were a stride toward unionism. The  Sons of Liberty  and  Daughters of Liberty  took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in  1766. Parliament passed the  Declaratory Act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston Massacre In  1767, Parliament passed the  Townshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in  1768. On  March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as the  Boston Massacre. The Sediti ous Committees of Correspondence Lord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in  1772  (Sons of Liberty). Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential. In March of  1773, the Virginia  House of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance.Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere In  1773,  the  British East India Company  was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,  Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.On  December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the â€Å"Intolerable Acts† In  1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the  Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). One such law was the  Boston Port Act.It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. The  Quebec Act  was also passed in  1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The Continental Congress and Bloodshed In  1774, the  1st Continental Congress  met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress. ) After 7 weeks of deliberation, the  1st Continental Congress  drew up several papers. The papers included a  Declaration of Rights  and solemn appeals to other British-American colon ies, to the king, and to the British people. The creation of  The Association  was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete  boycott  of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.In  April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to  Lexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the â€Å"rebel† ringleaders,  Samuel Adams  and  John Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the â€Å"Lexington Massacre. †Ã‚   When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had a  war, rather than a rebellion on their hands. Imperial Strength and WeaknessesThe population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power. Unfortunate ly for the British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, bitter from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britain's army in America had to operate under numerous difficulties; provisions were short and soldiers were treated brutally.American Pluses and Minuses Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the â€Å"French Gamecock†; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France. The  Articles of Confederation  was adopted in  1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists. Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print â€Å"Continental† paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.A Thin Line of Heroes At  Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 days in the  winter  of  1777-1778. Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British. Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In  1775, he issued a proclamation  promising freedom  for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. â€Å"Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment† Congress Drafts George Washington The Second Continental Congress selected  George Washington  to head the army besieging Boston.Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings From April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats. In May 1775, a tiny American force under  Ethan Allen  and  Benedict Arnold  captured the British garrisons at  Ticonderoga and Crown Point. There, a stor e of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists captured  Bunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.In  July 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the â€Å"Olive Branch Petition†, which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power. In August 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired German  Hessians  to bring order to the colonies. The Abortive Conquest of Canada In October 1775, the  British burned Falmouth  (Portland), Maine.In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed whenGeneral Richard Montgomery  was killed. In January 1776, the  Britis h set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense The Americans continued to  deny any intention of independence  because loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained; many Americans continued to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role; colonial unity was poor; and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Paine  released a pamphlet called  Common Sense  in  1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence. Paine and the Idea of â€Å"Republicanism† Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically a  republic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jefferson's Explanation of Independence On July 2, 1776,  Richard Henry Lee  of Virginia's  resolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.Thomas Je fferson  was appointed to draft up the  Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence  was formally  approved  by Congress on  July 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Patriots and Loyalists During the War of Independence, the Loyalists were called â€Å"Tories† and the Patriots were called â€Å"Whigs. †Ã‚   Tory: â€Å"a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. † The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of education and wealth remained loyal  Ã‚  to England.Loyalists were most numerous where the  Anglican church  was strongest. The  Loyalists  were well entrenched in  New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania,  and  New Jersey. They were least numerous in New England. The  Patriots  were numerous where  Presbyterianism and Congregationalism  flourished-mostly in New England. The Loyali st Exodus Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.General Washington at Bay The  British  concentrated  New York City  as a base of operation due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776. In  1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at the  Battle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island. General William Howe  was General Washington's adversary. On  December 26, 1776, Washington surprised and captured  1,000 Hessians  who were sleeping. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion London officials had an intricate scheme for capturing the vital  Hudson River valley in 1777.It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main invading force, lead by  General Burgoyne, w ould push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howe's  troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rd  force was commanded by colonelBarry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at  Saratoga  on  October 17, 1777  to American general  Horatio Gates  (Burgoyne's Blunder).This win made it possible for the urgently needed  foreign aid from France. (Turning point in war. ) Strange French Bedfellows After the shooting at  Lexington  in April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americans  home rule  after the Battle of Saratoga. The French didn't want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize the  sugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, the  French made an open alliance  with the Americans in  1778, o ffering all the British did with the exception of independence.The Colonial War Becomes a World War Spain and Holland became allies against Britain in  1779. The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. Blow and Counterblow General Benedict Arnold  turned traitor against the Americans in 1780. General Nathaniel Greene  succeeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier The  Treaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation; signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779. John Paul Jones  is known as the father of the navy. He employed the tactic of privateering. Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc; it diverted manpo wer from the main war effort; it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few. Yorktown and the Final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U. S. government fell nearly bankrupt. British General Cornwallis  fell back to Chesapeake Bay at  Yorktown  to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. Admiral de Grasseoffered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along with  Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced to  surrender on October 19, 1781. Peace at Paris In 1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.Conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783: British formally recognized the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. The Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.Ben Franklin,  John Adams, and  John Jay  negotiated the peace terms with Britain. The Pursuit of Equality The Continental Army officers formed an exclusive hereditary order called the  Society of the Cincinnati. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom-  created in  1786  by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers; stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith. The Philadelphia  Quakers  in  1775  founded the first  anti-slavery society. The 1st Continental Congress called for the complete  abolition of the slave trade  in  1774.Seve ral northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. Constitution Making in the States The 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in  1776  to draft  new constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. As  written  documents, the state constitutions were intended to represent a  fundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. Economic Crosscurrents Economic democracy preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad. Creat ing a Confederation Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2nd  Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation.The finished product was the  Articles of Confederation. It was  adopted  by Congress in  1777  and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasn't  ratified by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs. Congress had 2 major handicaps: It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation.Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked. Landmarks in Land Laws Land Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.The World's Ugly Duckling Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield  argued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back America's trade. The  British remained in the Americas  where they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans.It closed of f the Mississippi river to commerce in  1784. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Shay's Rebellion- in western Massachusetts in  1786; when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led by  Captain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs. A Convention of â€Å"Demigods† In  1786, Virginia called for a  convention at Annapolis, Maryland.There,  Alexander Hamilton  saved the convention from collapsing – delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but to  fix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton  was an advocate of a super-powerful central government. On  May 25, 1787, 55 representa tives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. (Constitutional Convention)   George Washington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises Some of the delegates decided they would  scrap  the old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it. The â€Å"large-state plan† was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the arrangement in Congress should be based upon a state's population. New Jersey presented the â€Å"small-state plan. †Ã‚   It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a state's size or population.The â€Å"Great Compromise† of the convention was hammered out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in the  House of Representatives, and equal representation in the  Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. The new  Constitution  also called for a President. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the â€Å"three-fifths compromise† was created. The new Constitution also called for the  end of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgia's forbade overseas slave trade.Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention. Safeguards for Conservatism The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists The Anti-federalists were led by  Samuel Adams,  Patrick Henry, and  Richard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states' rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers – in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led by  George Washington  and  Benjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press. The Great Debate in the States Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. (4 Laggard States)The Four Laggard States Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because the y wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist outside the fold. A Conservative Triumph The architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order. * Washington for President George Washington was unanimously elected as President by the Electoral College in  1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first,  Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,  Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and  Secretary of War Henry Knox  served under Washington. Bill of Rights James Madison  wrote the  Bill of Rights  and got them passed by Congress in  1791.The  Judiciary Act of 1789  created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general. John Jay  became the first Chief Justice. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit In order to create a thriving federal government,  Alexander Hamilton  set out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then gratefully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then trickle down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, meaning that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national credit by creating public confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congress to take on the states' debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamilton's proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to assume state ebts. Virginia did, however, want the forthcoming federal district, the District of Columbia, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government:   the government would assume state debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in  1790. Customs, Duties, and Excise Taxes One of Hamilton's objectives was to keep a  national debt, believing that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the government.In this objective, he expected  tariff revenues  to pay interest on the huge debt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in  1789. Its purpose was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries. He passed additional internal revenue and, in  1791, convinced Congress to pass an  excise tax  on a few domestic items, notably whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Alexander Hamilton proposed a  Bank of the United States  that could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency.The national bank would also be place where the Treasury could deposit monies. Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He felt that the states had the right to manage their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north. Hamilton prevailed and the 1st  Bank of the United States was created in  1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The  Whiskey Rebellion  in Pennsylvania in  1794  was lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong message was sent by the government stating that it would enforce the law. The Emergence of Political Parties Political parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed into a full-blown and bitter political rivalry. In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress.In due time, this organized opposition grew and the  two-party system  emerged. The Impact of the French Rebellion When Washington's first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued:   Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans  and  Hamilton Federalists. The  French Revolution  started in  1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase when France declared war on Austria in 1792. Things sta rted to get worse when King Louis XVI was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of Terror was begun.At first, the Federalists supported the revolution  but that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into the  French and British War  to fight  for  France. The Federalists were  opposed. Washington issued the  Neutrality Proclamation of 1793  stating the country's neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with Britain For years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U. S. soil, all in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783.The London government did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to the  Miami Confederacy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans. The Jeffersonians felt that American s hould again fight Britain in defense of America's liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamilton's hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell In a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief Justice  John Jay  to London in  1794  to negotiate.Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,  Jay's Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U. S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supplying arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U. S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts. Jay's Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U. S.In  Pinckney's Treaty of 1795  with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. In his Farewell Address to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in  1797. John Adams Becomes President John Adams  beat Thomas Jefferson to become to the  2nd  President in 1797. Hamilton became the leader of the  Federalist Party, known as the â€Å"High Federalists. † Unofficial Fighting with France France was upset with Jay's Treaty and it started capturing American